Physicist, one of the founders of low-temperature physics and magnetism, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Kapitsa was twice given the title Hero of the Socialist Labour (1945, 1974). In 1921-1934 he was sent to England to study at the University of Cambridge. The founder and first director (1935-1946, then since 1955) of the Institute for Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he discovered the property of helium superfluidity (1938). Kapitsa developed a technique of air liquefaction via turbo-expander, which was a new type of microwave oscillator. He discovered that there was a stable form of plasma filament with temperature of electrons of 105-106K in solid gases with HF discharge. For his achievements Kapitsa was given two Stalin Prizes (1941, 1943), Nobel Prize (1978) and Lomonosov Golden Medal of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
